tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-25696767160333631052024-03-05T23:08:29.206-08:00BLOSSEM OF THE YOUTHCome & join with us & enjoyPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.comBlogger72125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-80349572760112602432011-07-17T09:20:00.001-07:002011-07-17T09:20:47.961-07:00youthhelloooooooooooooooooooooooooooo<br> Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-75636198690848588762010-01-10T20:54:00.001-08:002010-01-10T21:03:45.002-08:00If He was married<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZIBCw07Og0lMgJCMewISowXCAeu_w34-z_kzs45AMXVBIcak7s9eSShEscEGdam-cV-O4W1yDOn6mzXNcz1qYi9T4AF2FKFWJq53UoHgyGfIkc9100swXDQe-3mvNgQvLMBP3i8SZ-B6/s1600-h/aiii.JPG"><img id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5425343462253910690" style="DISPLAY: block; MARGIN: 0px auto 10px; WIDTH: 320px; CURSOR: hand; HEIGHT: 74px; TEXT-ALIGN: center" alt="" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZZIBCw07Og0lMgJCMewISowXCAeu_w34-z_kzs45AMXVBIcak7s9eSShEscEGdam-cV-O4W1yDOn6mzXNcz1qYi9T4AF2FKFWJq53UoHgyGfIkc9100swXDQe-3mvNgQvLMBP3i8SZ-B6/s320/aiii.JPG" border="0" /></a><br /><div><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjF0hEFP-v_75lJBb9nbGq08M9Uao1n3L37Q5oqoeEfyzGXanP1sycmrUCct3EZtTzss9e_wCFv4XMBBYNXtDO2aCj3SxkZoeXfDngueIl8yXrrEl4I515YbGDWY3YdTB0Y2w4nrF87hmOv/s1600-h/ATT08485.gif"></a></div>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-76532200875234992152009-07-01T05:10:00.000-07:002009-07-01T05:11:22.055-07:0010 Ways To Improve Your Personality# Be a better listener. Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis was considered one of the most charming women in the world because she cultivated the skill of being an exceptional listener. She would look a person in the eyes and hang on their every word. Nothing is more appealing than having someone listening to you intently and making you feel like you're the only person in the world.<br /><br /># Read More and Expand Your Interests. The more you read and interests you have, the more interesting you are to others. It also gives you the opportunity to meet people and share or exchange your views with them.<br /><br /># Be a good conversationalist. This relates to how much you read and know. Once you have much to contribute, learn how to talk about it with others. We can't know everything, so it's refreshing to learn about things we don't have time to read about from others. If you're shy join a group like Toastmasters that encourages you to talk about what you know.<br /><br /># Have an Opinion. There's nothing more tiresome than trying to talk to someone who has no opinion on anything. A conversation has nowhere to go if you have nothing to expound on. When you have a differing opinion, it makes you that much more interesting and stimulating to be around (unless you're a know-it-all, of course). A unique outlook expands everyone's perspective.<br /><br /># Meet New People. Make the effort to meet new people especially those different from you. It not only exposes you to different cultures and alternate ways of doing things, it broadens your horizons.<br /><br /># Be yourself. The next most tiresome thing after having no opinions is to try and be something you're not. Trying to mold yourself to fit in and be accepted usually backfires. Everyone is unique and expressing that uniqueness is what makes us interesting. If we try to be a carbon copy of someone else, the lack of genuineness comes across.<br /><br /># Have a positive outlook and attitude. No one wants to be around people who are negative, complain a lot, or have nothing good to say. In fact most of us run when we see them coming. Be the kind of upbeat person that lights up a room with your energy. You can do this by looking for the best in people and things.<br /><br /># Be fun and see the humorous side of life. We all like to be around someone who makes us laugh or smile. Look for the humorous or quirky side in situations. There always is one. When you are fun and lighthearted people are naturally attracted to you.<br /><br /># Be supportive of others. This is probably the most endearing quality you can integrate into your personality. Just as you welcome it when you receive it, be the support for others when they need it. Everyone wants a cheerleader, someone who encourages and believes in them, in their corner.<br /><br /># Have Integrity and treat people with respect. Be honest and true to your word and you will have the admiration and respect of others. Respect others and you will have their attention and gratitude. Nothing improves a person's personality more than integrity and respect - respect for others as well as respect for yourself.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-16077335214252774242009-07-01T04:59:00.000-07:002009-07-01T05:02:15.464-07:00Michael Jackson<a onblur="try {parent.deselectBloggerImageGracefully();} catch(e) {}" href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBuEgDOt_cQEnfMYoZkrOfQC_T5QSHLVTv5yclcD1CawjxGto5CIVASsejToZRtCuUap8Zuc0Fv7umxyIh5ObJXmBbsKV6lgG75AGQiUekzlEICvKQp8SBZOlq2v4YHWGw4muYsppNmuU/s1600-h/Michaeljackson1(8).jpg"><img style="float:left; margin:0 10px 10px 0;cursor:pointer; cursor:hand;width: 234px; height: 320px;" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEghBuEgDOt_cQEnfMYoZkrOfQC_T5QSHLVTv5yclcD1CawjxGto5CIVASsejToZRtCuUap8Zuc0Fv7umxyIh5ObJXmBbsKV6lgG75AGQiUekzlEICvKQp8SBZOlq2v4YHWGw4muYsppNmuU/s320/Michaeljackson1(8).jpg" border="0" alt=""id="BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5353460695302426786" /></a><br /><br />Michael JacksonPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-59937311912360047542009-07-01T04:52:00.000-07:002009-07-01T05:04:10.267-07:00Michael Jackson Concert Ticket Refunds Begin WednesdayMtv website reveal that Michael Jackson Concert Ticket Refunds Begin Wednesday,also that site describe like this"What if 750,000 other people have that same "rare" item? Beginning on Wednesday (July 1), that is the dilemma that will face MJ fans who bought tickets to the late singer's sold-out 50-show run at the O2 Arena in London. Concert promoter AEG Live announced on Monday that the fans who paid to attend the show — now canceled in light of the singer's death on Thursday — can either get fully reimbursed for their purchase or receive a keepsake copy of the ticket, which features graphics inspired and designed by Jackson himself.<br /><br />AEG informed fans that they have from Wednesday until August 14 to request either the refund or the souvenir ticket at MichaelJacksonLive.com. To date, fans had reportedly shelled out more than $90 million on the tickets, priced between $82 and $124 each, with some going for much more than that on Internet auction sites. The refund will include all service charges as well.<br /><br />"The world lost a kind soul who just happened to be the greatest entertainer the world has ever known. Since he loved his fans in life, it is incumbent upon us to treat them with the same reverence and respect after his death," AEG President and CEO Randy Phillips said in an announcement of the refund policy.<br /><br />The concert promotions firm has been left on the hook for tens of millions of dollars as a result of Jackson's death, and officials have not yet revealed whether any of the insurance policies they took out on Jackson will cover any of those expenses. A cause of death for the 50-year-old singer has not yet been determined, but Billboard reported that if it is revealed that he died of a preexisting condition or of a drug overdose, AEG could be liable for any loss, including the estimated $30 million it sunk into the elaborate production, the $10 million it reportedly fronted Jackson and the cost of refunding the tickets.<br /><br />The first of the This Is It shows was scheduled to take place on July 13. AEG reportedly recorded Jackson's run-through of the performance on Wednesday at the Staples Center in Los Angeles, just hours before he went into cardiac arrest and died. "Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-48865339684352749932009-03-05T21:34:00.000-08:002009-03-05T21:38:48.411-08:00The Nitrogen CycleThe Nitrogen Cycle in shotr form.<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/TEGNUlipw24&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/TEGNUlipw24&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/bbDGs43-4WY&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/bbDGs43-4WY&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />very helpful video.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-76082243337363531482009-02-28T22:58:00.000-08:002009-02-28T23:00:32.408-08:00Carbon cycleHow carbon cycle works. Video tutorial. <br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/sFOO1h6WmR4&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/sFOO1h6WmR4&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/fBNUn8Fsy5A&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/fBNUn8Fsy5A&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-80958707679146784732009-02-28T22:52:00.000-08:002009-02-28T22:58:41.737-08:00How to measure soil organic matter percentage<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/NL80Pt7dsD4&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/NL80Pt7dsD4&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />Atmospheric carbon into soil organic matter<br />atmospheric carbon into soil organic matterPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-71513107038493375642009-01-26T03:36:00.000-08:002009-01-26T03:54:02.549-08:00Prabakaran Flee From Killinochchi, SLA Libarated Killinochchi and Raise Sri Lanka Flag<p><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/4yIxWyiOQJ0&hl=" width="400" height="245" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowfullscreen="true" allowscriptaccess="always" fs="1"></embed></p><p>........<br /><br />............... </p>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-7360807635764912652009-01-26T03:27:00.000-08:002009-01-26T03:28:59.781-08:00Barack Obama on Ellen<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/RsWpvkLCvu4&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RsWpvkLCvu4&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-42683011452334798512009-01-26T03:24:00.000-08:002009-01-26T03:32:06.868-08:00CRISTIANO RONALDOPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-49926008192723860152009-01-26T03:12:00.000-08:002009-01-26T03:24:01.118-08:00footballPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-14461054110077254232009-01-25T22:46:00.000-08:002009-01-25T22:46:00.601-08:00Cancer Cure<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/brhDghRmNrk&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/brhDghRmNrk&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />I would like to share this important life saving <br />video with you all. World Without Cancer, The Science <br />and Politics of Cancer, Laetrile it's only natural, <br />Jason Vale Seed Speech, Lorraine Day Conscious Media.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-865059169050383012009-01-24T22:43:00.000-08:002009-01-24T22:49:49.125-08:00Cancer Treatment<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/xKa7giLUnN4&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/xKa7giLUnN4&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><br />Oxygen, Ozone Therapy, Cancer Treatment. <br />This is an ancient medicine. ozone therapy <br />is the answer, it kills off desies, and clears <br />the body of toxins. it is effective but illigal <br />in the united states but yet cures aids and <br />cancer.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-70416201060851586582008-12-27T01:26:00.000-08:002008-12-27T01:27:53.637-08:00Diabetes TreatmentNew Diabetes Treatment<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/RpRS1DlMRC0&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/RpRS1DlMRC0&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />Diabetes Video<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/adHdKIGH9Ro&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/adHdKIGH9Ro&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-29379626140816587072008-12-27T01:23:00.000-08:002008-12-27T01:25:13.800-08:00Healthy DietHow to Control of Your Diabetes.<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/pAEpoH2qA88&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/pAEpoH2qA88&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-25218094882761958152008-12-27T01:20:00.000-08:002008-12-27T01:23:44.486-08:00Breast Cancer<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/JW6TDaotL_o&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/JW6TDaotL_o&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />When a woman is pregnant, her breasts get ready to lactate. <br />When u interrupt that process, a hormonal blow, a large <br />drop of the hormone level, occurs, the cells developing <br />in the breasts.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-35866765640317979432008-12-27T01:17:00.000-08:002008-12-27T01:20:02.968-08:00Lung CancerThis is what Lung Cancer looks like on the outside.<br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/x7pQ6L5knM4&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/x7pQ6L5knM4&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br /><object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/PWia320ztuM&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/PWia320ztuM&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-27525488578955519782008-12-24T02:59:00.000-08:002008-12-24T03:06:19.734-08:00Fertilizer testLearn how to neutralize urine as it is used to create <br />fertilizer for house plants.<br />Watch <a href="http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ntv9iHwS7kc">video here</a>Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-2575277395407155212008-11-12T14:00:00.000-08:002008-11-12T14:00:01.025-08:00Record Rice Harvest in Bangladesh<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/WG0Af9Pz1HM&hl=en&fs=1"></param><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"></param><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"></param><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/WG0Af9Pz1HM&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object><br />Record Rice Harvest in BangladeshPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-62522000972985376552008-11-03T04:38:00.001-08:002008-11-03T04:38:51.138-08:00BACTERIAL CLASSIFICATION• HOW DO VIRUSES REPRODUCE & CAUSE DISEASE?<br /><br />• VIRAL LIFECYCLES<br />• VIRAL DNA MAY BECOME PART OF HOST CHROMOSOME<br /><br />• Viruses are packaged genes-can only reproduce inside cells.<br /><br />• Lytic cycle-viral replication cycle resulting in the release of new viruses by lysis of host cell.<br /><br />• Lysogenic cycle-a bacteriophage replication cycle in which the viral genome is incorporated into the bacterial host chromosome and the host cell is not lysed unless the viral genome leaves the host chromosome.<br /><br />• MANY VIRUSES CAUSE DISEASE IN ANIMALS<br /><br />• Viruses that infect animal cells cause diseases.<br /><br />• RNA viruses have RNA as their genetic material and responsible for flu, cold, measles, mumps, AIDS, polio.<br /><br />• DNA viruses have DNA as their genetic material and cause hepatitis, chicken pox, herpes.<br /><br />• Amount of damage a virus can cause depends on: how quickly our immune system responds to fight the infection and ability of the infected tissue to repair itself.<br /><br />• Recover quickly from colds since respiratory tract can efficiently replace damaged cells by mitosis.<br /><br />• Poliovirus attacks cause permanent damage since nerve cells don’t divide. Prevention = vaccines.<br /><br />• Antibiotics for bacterial infections are futile for curing viral infections. <br /><br />• Development of antiviral drugs is slow since it’s difficult to find ways to kill a virus and not its host cell.<br /><br />• HIV MODEL<br />• AIDS VIRUS MAKES DNA ON AN RNA TEMPLATE (RETROVIRUS)<br /><br />• AIDS caused by a type of RNA virus.<br /><br />• HIV virus is aided by membranous envelope and glycoprotein spikes to enter and leave a host cell.<br /><br />• HIV contains 2 copies of RNA instead of 1.<br /><br />• HIV is a retrovirus as it synthesizes <br />– DNA on an RNA template by <br />– the help of an enzyme, <br />– reverse transcriptase <br />– (catalyzes reverse transcription).<br /><br />• BEHAVIOUR OF HIV NUCLEIC ACID IN A HOST CELL <br />• HIV RNA uncoated in the cytoplasm of host cell.<br />• Reverse transcriptase uses RNA as template to make DNA strand.<br />• Then adds second complementary DNA strand.<br />• Double stranded DNA enters cell’s nucleus and inserts itself into chromosomal DNA = provirus.<br />• Provirus is transcribed into RNA and translated into viral proteins.<br />• New viruses leave the cell and infect other cells.<br /><br />• DO YOU UNDERSTAND BASIC BACTERIAL NUTRITION?<br /><br />• PROKARYOTES COME IN VARIETY OF SHAPE<br /><br />• PROKARYOTES COME IN VARIETY OF SHAPE<br /><br />• Cocci-spherical, occur in clusters, are called staphylococci. Those in chains-streptococci.<br />• Bacilli-rod-shaped, most occur singly but in pairs (diplobacilli) and in chains (streptobacilli). <br />• Curved or spiral.<br />• Commas called vibrios.<br />• Helical.<br />• Relatively short = spirilla.<br />• Longer, more flexible = spirochete. <br />• PROKARYOTES OBTAIN NOURISHMENT IN A VARIETY OF WAYS<br /><br />• 2 main resources: carbon (for synthesizing organic compounds) and energy.<br /><br />• Prokaryotes exhibit much more nutritional diversity than eukaryotes.<br /><br />• THE EARLY EVOLUTION OF NUTRITION<br /><br />• Chemoheterotrophs dominant prokaryotes today and may have been since dawn of life.<br /><br />• First prokaryote may have had simple metabolism requiring only few enzymes.<br /><br />• Its environment contained no oxygen, metabolism anaerobic.<br /><br />• Unlikely that sunlight was used as energy source since complex set of enzymes needed for such use.<br /><br />• Carbon and energy obtained from rich soup of molecules and ions in which they evolved.<br /><br />• ARCHAEA THRIVE IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENT & IN OCEAN<br /><br />• Archaeal inhabitants of extreme environments have unusual proteins and other molecular adaptations that enable effective metabolism and reproduction. <br /><br />• Archaea are extremophiles-can thrive in extreme environments (too hot, too salty, too acidic for other organisms).<br /><br />• Extreme halophiles<br />• Thrive in very salty places.<br /><br />• Extreme thermophiles<br />• Thrive in very hot water.<br />• In deep-ocean vents where water 1000C.<br /><br /><br />• HOW DO BACTERIA EXPLOIT SO MANY HABITATS? <br /><br />HOW ARE BACTERIA A CAUSE OF DISEASE?<br /><br />• DIVERSE STRUCTURAL FEATURES AID PROKARYOTES THRIVE ALMOST EVERYWHERE<br /><br />Flagella<br />• Enables moving towards favourable places and away from less favourable ones.<br /><br />• Prokaryotic flagellum is naked protein structure that lacks microtubules unlike flagellum of eukaryotic cell.<br /><br />• Rings give flagellum propeller-like rotary movement.<br /><br /><br />• PILI<br />• Shorter and thinner than flagella.<br /><br />• Help bacteria to stick to each other and to surfaces such as rocks in streams, human intestine lining, etc.<br /><br />• Sex pili required for initiating bacterial “mating”.<br /><br />• ENDOSPORES<br /><br />• Bacteria can survive extended periods of harsh conditions by forming specialized “resting cells”.<br />• Has thick, protective coat, its cytoplasm is dehydrated and it does not metabolize.<br />• Under harsh conditions, outer cell disintegrates but endospore survives all sorts of trauma.<br />• When environment favourable, endospore absorbs water and resumes growth.<br />• Not even boiling water can kill these.<br /><br /><br />• CYANOBACTERIA<br /><br />• Blue-green colour caused by trillions of cyanobacterial cells.<br />• Photosynthetic bacteria.<br />• Common in lakes, ponds, tropical oceans.<br />• Extensive blooms indicate polluted water conditions usually phosphates and nitrates from agricultural run offs.<br />• About 3.0 to 1.5bya, ancient cyanobacteria gave earth its first greenish coat.<br />• SOME BACTERIA CAUSE DISEASES<br /><br />• Pathogens-disease causing agents.<br />• Most cause disease by producing poisons, two types:<br /><br />• Exotoxin-toxic proteins secreted by bacterial cells, include most of the potent poisons.<br /><br />• Endotoxins-not cell secretions, but components of the cell walls of certain bacteria.<br />• WHY ARE BACTERIA VITAL TO THE ENVIRONMENT?<br />• BACTERIA CAN BE USED AS BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS-BIOTERRORISM<br /><br />• Animals, plants, fungi, bacteria and viruses. <br /><br />• To weaponize naturally occurring pathogens, researchers selected highly virulent strains, made them antibiotic resistant and developed formulations for effective dispersion.<br /><br />• Bacillus anthracis-bioweapon since it’s easier to obtain (bacterium lives in soils in agricultural regions), easy to grow in labs and forms hardy endospores that can be stored for years.<br /><br />• In bloodstream, anthrax bacteria actively metabolize and multiply-release 3 proteins that combine to form toxin that destroys body tissues and cells of the immune system.<br /><br />• PROKARYOTES HELP RECYCLE CHEMICALS AND CLEAN UP ENVIRONMENT<br /><br />• Restores oxygen to atmosphere.<br />• Some cyanobacteria convert nitrogen gas in atm to nitrogen (N) cpds (nitrates and nitrites) that plants take up and use.<br />• Other prokaryotes living in nodules on roots of legumes contribute large amounts of N cpds to soil.<br />• Decomposition of organic wastes and dead organisms to inorganic chemicals that other organisms can use.<br />• Prokaryote decomposers are also mainstays of our sewage treatment facilities. <br />• Aid in bioremediation-use of prokaryotes (or other organisms) to clean up pollution.Prabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-21632044712583495382008-10-31T06:36:00.000-07:002008-10-31T06:37:15.009-07:00BIOREMEDIATION Bioremediation is the use of biological processes to remove contaminants from the environment<br /><br /> Decontamination through biological agents such as microbes, plants and fungi usually occurs naturally in the environment but is often slow<br /> Bioremediation uses naturally occurring bacteria and fungi or plants to degrade or detoxify substances hazardous to human health and/or the environment<br /><br /> There are 2 Types of Microorganisms<br /> Biostimulation<br /> Bioaugmentation<br />How does bioremediation work?<br /> The majority of bioremediation involves a redox reaction that detoxifies the contaminant<br /><br /> However the reaction can be expedited by improving the environmental conditions in one of the following ways depending on what the limiting factor is<br />These factors are,<br /><br />Cont..<br />Limiting factors<br /><br /> Adding an electron acceptor<br /> Adding an electron donor<br /> Adding a limiting nutrient<br /> Increasing the bioavailability of the contaminant.<br /> Stimulating the production of a specific enzyme<br />Major Types of Bioremediation<br />1.In situ Bioremediation<br />In situ treatment means that remediation occurs directly at the site of the contaminant<br />2.Ex situ Bioremediation<br />Ex situ treatment requires that the contaminant be transported elsewhere<br />Cont….<br />Ex-situ -Bioremediation<br /> Slurry-phase<br /> Soil combined with <br />water/additives in tank, microorganisms, nutrients, <br />oxygen added<br />Advantages of Ex-situ Bioremediation<br /><br /> Easier to control<br /><br /> Used to treat wider range of contaminants and soil types<br /><br /> Faster<br /><br />In-situ Bioremediation<br /> Biostimulation - stimulates biological activity.<br /> Bioventing (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated zone – good for midweight petroleum, jet fuel)<br /> Biosparging (Inject air/nutrients into unsaturated and saturated zones)<br /> Bioaugmentation - Inoculates soil with microbes.<br /><br /><br />Advantages of In-situ Bioremediation<br /> Less expensive<br /><br /> Creates less dust<br /><br /> Less possibility of contaminant release into environment<br /><br /> Good for large volumes<br /><br />Ex-situ treatment<br /> Is the better understood and developed approach to bioremediation, though recently in-situ is gaining much attention.<br />In-situ treatment<br /> Is usually more advantageous than <br />Ex-situ since it requires less equipment and labor and has a lower cost and environmental impact.<br />How Contamination Occurs<br /> Oil Leaks from Ships<br /><br /> Use of Agricultural Chemicals<br /><br /> Industrial Wastes<br /><br /> Domestic Wastes<br /><br /> Laboratory Wastes<br /><br /><br /><br />Contamination Transport<br /> Spills or leaks sink into soil or water<br /> Get transported by water movement<br /><br />Classes of contaminants biodegraded<br />Natural Bioremediation<br /> Natural strains have biodegradative capability<br /><br /> Can use In-situ populations<br /><br /> Need to increase total population by adding substrates<br /> Contaminated sites often very low nutrient<br /> Contain mixed populations of bacteria<br /><br />Bioremediation Strategies <br /> (Role of Bacteria)<br /><br /> Increase substrates detoxified<br /> Ralstonia metallidurans<br />Deinococcus radiodurans<br /> Increase rate of detoxification<br /><br /> Increase access to hydrophobic contaminants<br /><br /><br /><br />Toxin Digesting Reactions<br /><br /> Denitrification 2NO3− + 10e− + 12H+ → N2 + 6H2O<br /><br /> Manganese MnO2 + 2e− + 4H+ → Mn2+ + 2H2O<br /><br /> Iron III reduction Fe(OH)3 + e− + 3H+ → Fe2+ + 3H2O<br /><br /> Sulfate reduction SO42− + 8e− +10 H+ → H2S + 4H2O<br /><br /> Fermentation 2CH2O → CO2 + CH4<br />Composting<br /> The high temperatures prevalent during composting, combined with the high nutrient contents of decomposing organic matter such as manure, and the heavy microbial load of the compost system efficiently stimulate the biodegradation of hydrocarbon contamination<br />Surfactants<br /> Extractions can be performed on the contaminated soil by adding surfactants in order to leach the hydrocarbons from the soil matrices<br />Rhizosphere Effects<br /><br /> The rhizosphere soil has a greater degradation capability for contaminants than does soil without plant roots.<br />How Bacteria Access Contaminants<br />Conditions that favor Bioremediation<br /> Temperature<br /><br /> Water<br /><br /> Nutrients<br /><br /> C:N ratio<br /><br /> Oxygen in sufficient quantity<br />Uses of Bioremediation<br /> Oil spill<br /><br /> Soil Pollution<br /><br /> Agricultural practices<br /><br /><br /> The biggest spill ever occurred during the 1991 Persian Gulf war when about 240 million gallons spilled from oil terminals and tankers off the coast of Saudi Arabia.<br /><br />Bioremediation of the Exxon Valdez Alaskan oil spill<br /> Exxon Valdez supertanker ran aground in 1989 resulting in the spillage of about 11 million gallons of crude oil in Alaska.<br />How Bioremediation uses in Oil Spill.<br /> The biodegradation by indigenous microorganisms can population could rapidly biodegrade the aliphatic and aromatic fractions of crude oil<br /><br /> The microbial community completely mineralized them to CO2 and H2O<br /><br />Soil Bioremediation<br /> The introduction of substances or biological organisms into the soil, resulting in a change of the soil quality, which is likely to affect the normal use of the soil or endangering public health and the living environment<br />Agricultural Chemicals<br /> Fertilizer Pesticides<br /> Weedcides<br />Advantages of bioremediation<br /> Natural process and therefore perceived as an acceptable waste treatment process for contaminated soil<br /><br /> Many compounds can be transformed to harmless products<br /><br /> Complete destruction of target pollutants is possible.<br />Disadvantages of bioremediation<br /> Limited to those compounds that are biodegradable<br /><br /> Sometimes the products of biodegradation are more toxic or persistent than the parent compounds<br /><br /> Biological process are highly specificPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-7197985094582797732008-10-31T05:49:00.000-07:002008-10-31T05:52:20.253-07:00BIOLOGICAL CONTROL OF PLANT DISEASES BY MICROORGANISMS<span style="font-weight:bold;"> <br />What is biological control?</span><br />Biological control can be defined as the use of natural enemies to reduce the damage caused by a pest population<br />• Biological control differs from "natural control<br />• Biological control requires intervention, rather than simply letting nature take its course<br />• It is an approach that fits into an overall pest management program, and represents an alternative to continued reliance on pesticides<br />Biological Control of diseases by microorganism<br /><br />• Plant diseases are caused mainly by fungi, bacteria, viruses and nematodes<br /><br />• Biocontrol of plant disease involves the use of an organism or organisms to reduce disease <br />Biological Control Targets<br />Agents that cause plant disease<br />Agents that cause plant damage<br />Weeds<br /><br />What is a biological contol agent<br />means any living organism applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a destroying agent to control another organism ...<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Biological control agents</span><br /> Macroorganisms biological control agents <br /><br />• Insects<br />• Man<br />• Animals<br /><br /> any living microorganism (Bacteria, Fungi, Nematodes & Viruses) applied to or introduced into the environment that is intended to function as a destroying to control another organism<br /><br />Microbial biological control agents are<br />• Bacteria<br />• Fungi<br />• Nematodes<br />• Viruses<br />Bacterial Biological Control Agents<br />Xanthomonas campestris pv. poannua - postemergence activity on annual bluegrass in bermudagrass lawns (Johnson, 1994: Johnson, Wyse, Jones, 1996).<br />Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis - Canada thistle in soybean (Johnson, Wyse, Jones, 1996).<br /><br />E.g.- Bacillus species<br /><br />Bacillus spp have been widely exploited for the management of plant pathogens.<br /> <br /> Bacillus is an ideal candidate for biocontrol of plant pathogens because of its ability to form endospores which are resting structures capable of surviving desiccation, heat, oxidising agents, UV & gamma radiations.<br /><br />Many post-harvest diseases are successfully managed with Bacillus spp.<br />The broad spectrum activity, absence of phytoxigenic products, amenability for mass culturing, the ability to form endospores, availability of information on the genetics, physiology, r-DNA technology etc are some of the advantages of the genus Bacillus<br />Brown rot of potato caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is also amenable to management with Bacillus. <br /> <br /> Bacillus spp, have been tested worldwide for management of pathogens causing spots, blights, rots etc. On the above ground parts of several plants.<br /><br /> <span style="font-weight:bold;">Fungal Disease Control Agents </span><br /><br />• Ampelomyces quisqualis.<br />• Candida oleophila.<br />• Coniothyrium minitans.<br />• Fusarium oxysporum.<br />• Gliocladium virens.<br />• Gliocladium catenulatum.<br />• Phlebia gigantea.<br />• Pythium oligandrum.<br />• Trichoderma harzianum and other spp.<br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Nematodes</span><br /><br />There are over 300 species of nematodes that are known to attack insects. <br />Most of the research in biological control, however, has focused on only two genera, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis. <br />These nematodes are unique because they harbor symbiotic bacteria that are pathogenic to the nematode's insect host.<br /><br />e.g.-nematode attacks insect pests <br />Nine families of nematodes (Allantone-matidae, Diplogasteridae, Heterorhabditidae, Mermithidae, Neotylenchidae, Rhabditidae, Sphaerulariidae, Steinernematidae, and Tetradonematidae) include species that attack insects and kill or sterilize them, or alter their development. <br />Viruses<br />• The use of entomopathic viruses for insect control is still in its infancy. <br />• Many of these pathogens appear to have good potential as bio control agents because they are relatively host-specific. <br />• Viral-induced mortality is usually caused by toxic proteins that accumulate during the reproductive cycle of the virus. <br /><br />NPV or CPV (Nuclear or Cytoplasmic <br /><br />Polyhedrosis Virus) -- Clusters of virus particles are embedded within polyhedral inclusion bodies (crystals) that develop inside the nucleus or cytoplasm of infected cells. <br /><br />They usually attack larvae of Lepidoptera or Hymenoptera (sawflies). <br /><br />There is also commercial interest in developing NPVs for use against corn earworms, cotton bollworms, cabbage loopers, and alfalfa butterflies. <br /><br />Granulosis virus -- These pathogens typically infect the fat body in Lepidopteran larvae and pupae. <br /> <br /> E.g.-A granulosis virus has been developed for use in apple orchards against larvae of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella). <br /><br />Non-inclusion viruses -- These pathogens (entomopox virus, for example) do not produce granules or polyhedral bodies. The cause of their toxicity is not well understood, but they are usually less virulent than other types of viruses. <br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Biological Control Mechanisms</span><br />Competition<br />Antibiosis<br />Parasitism<br />Induced resistance<br />enzymes<br />Competition<br />The Biological control agent more efficiently utilizes space and nutrients.<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Antibiosis</span><br />the Biological control agent produces one or more deleterious compounds.<br /><br />Production of antibiotics seems to be the most important way in which many spp of Bacillus bring about bio control of plant pathogens.<br /><br />Two antibiotics, iturin and surfactin have been B. subtilis indicated in the suppression of R. solani induced damping off of tomato by B. subtilis<br /><br /><br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Parasitism</span><br />The Biological control agent utilizes the target for food or for reproduction.<br />Biological control agents parasite on <br />• Larvae<br />• Eggs<br />• Pupa<br /><br />Induced resistance<br />The Biological control agent indirectly stimulates the plant to be resistant.<br />Several beneficial rhizosphere bacteria induce systemic resistance against one or more diseases.<br />Increased Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity and increased lignification acting as barrier to the fusarial wilt pathogen in pigeon pea treated with the above bacterisl stain.<br />Enzymes<br />Mycelial lysis by enzyme production is one another mode of antagonism by many Bacillus spp.<br /><br />Hydrolytic enzyme produced and released by bacteria contribute to the suppression of phytopathogens<br />Using Biological control agents<br /><span style="font-weight:bold;">Advantages of Bio control</span><br /><br /> Most natural enemies used in biocontrol attack on target species & less possibility to destroy non- target organisms <br /> Environmental friendly<br />• No any waste remain in the environment<br /> Economically friendly<br />• Reduce cost for pesticides<br /> Useful in Integrated pest managementPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-88463503764388597832008-10-31T04:50:00.000-07:002008-10-31T04:51:16.543-07:00BIO GAS PRODUCTION• Biogas can be defined as a gas produced by the biological breakdown of organic matter in anaerobic conditions<br /><br />• Biogas originates from organic material and is a type of biofuel<br />• The other method of producing biogas is wood gas which is created by gasification of wood or other biomass<br /><br />• Depending on where it is produced, biogas can also be called swamp, marsh, landfill or digester gas <br /><br />• Biogas contains,<br />• Methane -50-75% <br />• Carbon dioxide -25-50%<br />• Nitrogen -0-10%<br />• Hydrogen -0-1%<br />• Hydrogen sulfide -0-3%<br />• Oxygen -0-2%<br /><br /><br /><br />• Biogas plants<br />• Materials used in biogas production<br />• The materials commonly used in biogas production are,<br /><br />» Human & animal waste<br />» Crop residue <br />» Agro industrial waste<br />» Biomass combined with water (sewage)<br />» Energy crops- Maize, sunflower, wheat, grass <br /><br /> <br />• Methods of biogas production<br />• Mainly biogas is produced using anaerobic digestion<br />• There are various methods & reactor types used to produce biogas<br />• But the production process has common steps though the methods are different<br />• stages of biogas production<br />• This natural, biological process takes place in three stages:<br /> Hydrolysis :insoluble solids are broken down to monomers<br /> Acidogenesis:monomers are converted to VFA<br /> Methanogenesis:acids are converted to bio gas <br />• Different types of reactors<br />Type 1<br /><br />• Influent is added to the reactor, and mixing is accomplished with gas mixers, mechanical <br /> mixers, or recirculation pumps <br /><br />• High installation and operating costs, high hydraulic retention times are required to achieve an acceptable level of degradation, signifying large reactor sizes<br /><br /><br />• Type 2<br /><br />• The biomass forms sludge granules, producing a sludge bed which is completely retained in the reactor <br /><br />• Allows for higher-strength wastewaters to be treated <br /><br />• requires a significant amount of time, causing longer start-up times when compared to other reactors <br /><br />• A diagram of type 2 reactor<br />• Contact Digester<br /><br />• Retains biomass by separating and concentrating the solids in a separate reactor, returning these solids to the influent <br /><br />• Solids separation can be achieved with gravity separators, solids thickeners, centrifuges, gravity belts, and membranes <br />• Sewage treatment<br />• Sludges from the primary and secondary treatment settling tanks are collected into an anaerobic digester<br /><br />• Sludges contain cellulose, proteins, lipid and other insoluble polymers<br /> <br />• Anaerobic bacteria digest the sludge to methane and carbon dioxide <br /><br /><br />• Sewage treatment plant<br />• Using a biodigester<br />• Biodigester is a system that promotes decomposition of organic matter. <br />• It produces biogas, generated through the process of anaerobic digestion. <br /><br /><br />• Factors Affecting Biogas Production <br /> Biogas yield is measured as <br />• m3 gas/kg volatile solids<br />• The maximum possible gas yield on complete digestion of carbohydrates (starch, cellulose, glucose) would be 0.8 m3kg.<br /><br />• for fatty acids this value it is about 1.5 m3kg.<br /><br />• proteins it is about 0.9 m3/kg. <br />This depends on,<br /><br />• Type of waste<br /><br />• Temperature during digester operation, <br /><br />• Retention time (the period of time a given sample of waste/substrate stays in the digester/ fermenter before it flows out) <br /> <br />• Presence of toxic materials<br /><br />• pH<br />• Stirring<br />• Carbon – Nitrogen Ratio<br /><br />• Type of waste<br /><br /><br />Ex:<br /> -Livestock & poultry wastes<br /> -Crop residues<br /> -Paper wastes <br /> -Aquatic weeds<br /> -Algae & seaweeds<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br />• The yellow circles represents evolving biogas bubbles and the brown circles represent sludge granules. The upward liquid flow and uplifting action of gas bubbles causes the partial fluidization of the sludge bed and hydraulic mixing. The background is a scanning electron micrograph inside a sludge granule cultivated on sucrose-containing wastewater, show a diverse population of microorganisms. <br />• Temperature<br />• The choice of the temperature to be used is influenced by climatic considerations.<br /><br />• Optimum process stability temperature should be carefully regulated within the a narrow range of operating temperature.<br /><br />• Mesophilic fermentation at about 35°c gives the maximum gas yields,<br /><br />• <br /><br />• Thermophilic bacteria give best yields around 55°c.<br /><br />• For sewage sludge, the gas yield at 20°c may be only 80% of that at 35°c.<br /><br />• Retention time<br />• At high temperature bio – digestion occurs faster, reducing the time requirement.<br /><br />• A normal period for the digestion of dung be two to four weeks.<br /><br />• Gas yields increase with retention time since a greater proportion of the organic matter will be digested. <br />• Amount of OM vs retention time <br /><br />• Toxic Materials<br />• Wastes & biodegradable residue are often accompanied by a variety of pollutants that could inhibit anaerobic digestion.<br /><br />• Toxic components may include ammonia, SO42-, antibiotics, etc. <br /><br /><br />• Common toxic substances are<br /><br /> soluble salts of,<br /> Copper<br /> Zinc<br /> Nickel<br /> Mercury<br /> Chromium<br />• Salts of <br /> * Sodium<br /> * Potassium<br /> * Calcium<br /> * Magnesium may be stimulatory or toxic in action.<br />• Pesticides & synthetic detergents may also be troublesome to the process. <br />• pH<br />• Low pH inhibit the growth of the methanogenic bacteria.<br />• A successful pH range for anaerobic digestion is 6.0 – 8.0.<br />• Efficient digestion occurs at a pH near neutrality.<br />• Low pH may be remedied by dilution or by the addition of lime.<br />• Carbon – Nitrogen Ratio<br />• The bacteria responsible for the anaerobic process require both elements<br />• They consume carbon roughly 30 times faster than nitrogen<br />• A carbon – nitrogen ratio of about 30:1 is ideal for the raw material fed into a biogas plant <br />• Stirring<br />• Stirring the slurry in a digester is always advantageous, if not essential<br /><br />• If not stirred, the slurry will tend to settle out and form a hard scum on the surface, which will prevent release of the biogas<br /><br />• Problem is much greater with vegetable waste than with manure, which will tend to remain in suspension <br /><br />• Advantages of biogas<br />• provide better & cheaper fuel<br />• produce quality manure to improve soil fertility<br />• provide an effective way for sanitary disposal of human excreta<br />• use as a smokeless domestic fuel<br />• helps in generation of production employment<br />• Disadvantages of biogas<br />• Yields are lower due to the dilute nature of substrates<br />• The process is not very attractive economically on a large industrial scale<br />• New technologies cannot be used to enhance the efficiency of the process <br /><br />• The process can be improved only by optimizing the environmental conditions of the anaerobic digestion<br />• Biogas contains some gases as impurities <br />• Uses of biogas<br />• electricity production<br />• Cooking<br />• water heating <br />• can replace compressed natural gas for use in vehiclesPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-2569676716033363105.post-66109950857895666642008-10-31T04:20:00.000-07:002008-10-31T04:22:07.954-07:00PRESENTATION ABOUT BIO FERTILIZER<object width="425" height="344"><param name="movie" value="http://www.youtube.com/v/keEIcog5Tm0&hl=en&fs=1"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><embed src="http://www.youtube.com/v/keEIcog5Tm0&hl=en&fs=1" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" width="425" height="344"></embed></object>..<br />PRESENTATION ABOUT BIO FERTILIZERPrabathhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13598849071389182337noreply@blogger.com0